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Introduction to Traditional Inspection-Hand Clinic (1)

"Looking, smelling, asking, and cutting" are the main diagnostic methods of traditional Chinese medicine. Among them, there are many effective methods for inspection. For example, the "visual examination" by Lin Hong, a Wushu physician from South Shaolin in Fujian, judges the bruises by the distribution of black and white spots on the eyeballs; the "tongue examination" by Guo Zhichen, the founder of Shijiazhuang Space Medicine; and the "abdominal examination" by Cai Hongguang, a meridian physician in Guangzhou Unique; Guangdong Southern Shaolin Wu's doctor Wen Guosheng's "hand and face consultation" is a must. Now I will give a brief introduction to "Hand Clinic" and share it with you.

In daily life, most people unintentionally pay attention to many life phenomena and physical changes, and miss the treatment opportunity, causing lifelong regrets. So it is said that "man does not die from disease but from ignorance". Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the human body is an organic whole. The physiological activities and pathological changes of the internal organs, qi, blood, meridians and collaterals in the body must have certain signs externally. Changes in the whole body can be reflected in a certain part, and local lesions will also be reflected. Causes a systemic reaction. Traditional Chinese medicine inspection is based on the corresponding principles inside and outside the human body, and inferring the physiological activities and pathological changes of the internal organs by observing the changes outside the body. "Hand diagnosis" is to observe the hand shape, nails, half-moon marks, blue veins, black and white blood spots, palm prints, palm qi and blood, etc., through the observation of the hand. It is an ancient medical hand diagnosis. The mystery of. Understanding ourselves and taking care of our health is also the key for us to seek good fortune and avoid evil, and to maintain health.

1. Shake hands to view health

(1) Reach out and look at each other:

1. The thumb and index finger is below 30 degrees. They are not willing to give you a handshake. This kind of person is more timid, fearful, and conservative. I don't like to change myself. Physical fitness is relatively poor.

2. The angle of the thumb and index finger is 45 degrees. This kind of person is more flexible, loves freedom, and is more independent. Such people have strong adaptability, love freedom, strong independence, and generally have a relatively healthy body.

3. The angle of the thumb and index finger is 90 degrees. This kind of person is more generous, cheerful, righteous, independent, likes to do things on his own, and is not easy to be disturbed by the outside world. Easy to be egotistical, often careless and wasteful. This kind of person is more angry.

(2) Look at each other's feel:

1. Contrast of feel.

1) Feeling cool in the hand: Regulate the deficiency of spleen and kidney yang. Inner cold, weak and afraid of cold, blood gas does not circulate, and poor absorption capacity. People with yang deficiency are easily afraid of cold.

2) Feeling of heat: Main heart and kidney yin deficiency. Irritability, getting angry, insomnia, dreaminess, nervousness.

3) Wet hand feeling: Mainly the heart and spleen are weak. Feeling pressure, easy to fatigue and fatigue. Sweaty hands, heat accumulation in the spleen and stomach, heartburn, and nervousness.

4) Dry hand feeling: Mainly lose both lungs and spleen. The lungs moisturize the skin. If the lungs are not good, the skin is dry. Such people are prone to catch a cold. Easy to get diseases of the respiratory system.

5) Sticky hand feeling: Main endocrine disorders. Especially people with diabetes are more common. It is easy to get hot, sweat, and sweat is sticky.

6) It feels warm, moist and elastic, which is the best.

2. The temperature of the hand feel.

1) Feeling of heat: There are two situations: one is actual fever, such as fever, the more you touch your head, the hotter you touch it for two more seconds, which means there is more inflammation; the other is virtual fire, that is, you feel when you hold it again It's not very hot anymore, it can be seen in hyperthyroidism, liver and kidney yin deficiency, and more common cases of floating fire, insomnia and dreaminess, upset, dry mouth, sore mouth, pharyngitis, high blood pressure, diabetes, yin deficiency and overwork fever.

2) Finger fever: It is more common in constipation, thick blood, and high triple fat.

3) Hot palms: Heart fire is high, which is more common in insomnia, dreaminess, upset, dry mouth, bitter mouth, pharyngitis, etc.

4) Feeling cold: It can be seen in spleen and kidney yang deficiency, hypothyroidism, microcirculation disorder, poor meridian movement, easy fatigue, easy cold, irregular menstruation, etc.

5) Cold fingers: mostly due to poor blood circulation, easy fatigue, difficulty falling asleep, dreaming, palpitation, confusion, dizziness and headache.

6) Cold palms: mostly due to deficiency and coldness of the spleen and stomach, poor digestion and absorption system of the spleen and stomach, prone to indigestion, loose stools, fatigue, and anemia. Women are more common in gynecological diseases, more leucorrhea, and irregular menstruation.

7) Cold and hot interlocking: cold palms and hot fingers, or hot palms and cold palms, or cold with one hand and hot with the other, this is called Yin and Yang imbalance. It is more common in summer to be afraid of heat and cold in winter; eating hot and getting hot, eating cold and feeling cold; wearing more than one is afraid of heat, wearing less and afraid of cold, deficiency and no tonic; irregular menstruation. Upset, dryness, insomnia, dreaminess, sore throat easily above, cold hands and feet below and other endocrine disorders.

8) Normal hands should be warm in winter and cool in summer. If it is just the opposite, it means blood deficiency. But the temperature of the hands is not necessarily because the hands of others are too cold or too hot. It may be your own problem, so you must first ensure that your body is healthy.

3. The softness and hardness of the palm.

1) Soft palms: a. The palms are thick, fleshy and flexible, mostly energetic, strong and adaptable. b. If the palm is thick and weak, with poor elasticity, it is mostly due to lack of energy and fatigue. c. The palms are soft, thin and weak, often with reduced energy, and weak and sickly. People with soft hands are mostly people who work with their brains. There is a saying in Chinese medicine: palms are like cotton, free and rich, indicating the importance of knowledge.

2) Hard palms: a. Those with hard palm muscles and lack of elasticity. The blood qi is somewhat suppressed, the meridians are not very smooth, and the adaptability is relatively poor. b. People with stiff and thin palms have problems with digestive system function, poor circulatory system, stubbornness in everything, and lack of resilience. People with hard hands are mostly laborers, people who work hard. There is a saying in Chinese medicine: palms are as hard as iron, and they are constantly running.

Second, the finger is healthy

The palm is yin, the back of the hand is yang, and the five fingers happen to be yin and yang interlaced. Dry leaves usually mean that the roots lack water. The qi from a person's internal organs first comes to the fingers, so a person's internal organ problems can be seen in the hands immediately. Therefore, the fingers are very sensitive and can easily reflect a person's health. When there is no problem in the human body, modern medical science has not detected it, but it can be seen from the fingers. A person does not die from disease but from ignorance. The fingers generally represent the head, the palms generally represent the internal organs, and the back of the hands generally represent our backs.

(1) Thumb. Associated with lung and spleen. The main headache. 1) The knuckles are too thick, and if there is more than qi, it is fire, and the mood is extreme, and it is easy to get angry. 2) Flat and weak, poor physique, neurasthenia. 3) You can look at the situation of sexual function. You can see if the gas is enough, press it down and see if it can bounce up quickly. When the thenar presses down and looks at the bounce, you can see the heart's pulsation ability. 4) Blue tendons appear in the joints of the thumb and knuckles, prone to coronary heart disease or coronary atherosclerosis. 5) The streaks of the joints of the thumb and palmar joints are disordered, which is prone to early heart disease. 6) Those with thick upper and lower thumbs have poor absorption function, and the body is generally thinner; those with thick upper and lower lower have good absorption function, and it is difficult to lose weight. 7) Those with horizontal stripes in the middle of the thumb have poor absorption function. The more horizontal stripes, the greater the interference to people.

(2) Index finger. Associated gastrointestinal. Headache before the master. The large intestine has passed through, so it is especially the problem of the large intestine. The fingertips should be smaller and smaller, like bamboo shoots, if the opposite is the absorption and conversion function is relatively poor. The three-node pattern distance should be balanced. The index finger is innocent, bent, and weak. It is generally a function of the spleen and stomach. Normally, it is easy to fatigue and lack of energy. If the index finger has passed the three passes, it means that there is a critical condition; if there is a blue muscle between the base of the index finger and the thumb, be aware that there will be frozen shoulder.

(3) Middle finger. Connect with the heart. Lord's head. The pericardium passes through, mainly in charge of people's emotions, intelligence, and mind. If the middle finger is thin and there are many horizontal stripes, it means that the person's life is irregular, which often indicates cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. When you see blue veins at the base of the middle finger, you should pay attention to easy cerebral arteriosclerosis. Note that many blue veins have a stroke tendency. The bending or twisting is very severe. It must be a stroke; a lot of blue veins on the thumb are often heart problems.

(4) Ring finger. Associated with liver and gallbladder, endocrine. Main migraine. The triple energizer meridian is a membrane system, which is equivalent to endocrine, where nutrients go in and waste comes out. If the ring finger is too short, it means that the innate vitality is insufficient. People who have a disorder of the triple jiao meridian always have uncomfortable feelings, which means that there is a problem with the metabolism of the whole cell.

(5) Little finger. Connect the heart and kidney. Headache after the master. When the heart meridian and the small intestine meridian pass, the heart and kidney problems are caused by the small finger tube, which is closely related to the heart, kidney, uterus, and testis. The little finger is long and thick and straight. It must pass the third level or be even with the third level. This is good. If it is smaller than the third level or even bent, it means that the kidneys and heart are not very good. If the little finger is small and short, lesbian gynecology is prone to problems and irregular menstruation. If it is very small, her reproductive function will be impaired; gay men are prone to kidney deficiency, sore waist and weak kidney function. If the little finger is congenital deficiency, it will have the greatest impact on the entire human body. The other four fingers are very good, but the little finger is not good, indicating a congenital deficiency. Therefore, the key to maintaining a person's physical fitness is to look at the little finger, usually rubbing the little finger more. The ancients said: "The little finger passes the three passes, and a person can be born in a desperate situation."

(6) View finger shape:

1) The strength of the reference: the difference indicates which related organs have problems.

2) Straight fingers: The fingers are straight and strong, indicating that the person has a straight personality. Leaking empty hands is also leaking money. The digestive system is not good, the absorption is not good, the flesh cannot grow up, and the money is gone if you always see a doctor, so it is called a leaky hand.

3) Finger length: People with long fingers are suitable for head work, and people with short fingers are suitable for physical work.

4) The softness and hardness of the fingers: People with straight thumbs are more confident, personally experienced, but easy to get angry; people with curved thumbs are more likely to think about problems, and they are prone to insomnia and dreams.

5) The blood color of the fingers: whiter means that the blood is insufficient, the body is thin, and the hands and feet are more afraid of cold; the red one means that the blood is sufficient and hot, and everything should not be too much, and the blood is too red and the qi is not smooth, and people are easy to fatigue; self-comparison of fingers Especially red means that the person is very tired, and the blood viscosity is high, and the blood lipids are high; red and purple and black are very dangerous, indicating that the blood supply of the cerebral arteries is insufficient, and myocardial infarction. If the whole palm is darkened and there is no blood color, it is necessary Pay attention to the tumor problem (just like the pear looks good on the outside, cut off the bad part, the good part still has a bad smell), this is more difficult to treat, and a lot of emergency detoxification is required. People who have particularly green middle fingers indicate that their digestive function is particularly poor.

(7) The law of finger shape:

1) The size of the fingers is short: the blood flow back quickly, the physical strength is better, the energy is more energetic, the reaction is faster, and the sex is more straightforward; on the contrary, the blood is too strong, the liver is fierce, and it is prone to high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, and cerebrovascular If there is a problem, this kind of person is suitable for doing relatively quiet exercises such as Tai Chi and Qigong, and practicing methods of self-cultivation.

2) Sharp, long and thin fingers: The blood flow is slower, and it is prone to respiratory problems and cardiovascular problems. This kind of people don't like to use force very much, they like calmness, but their brains are smarter and think about problems. This kind of people prefer to sit in the office and do art. Easily mentally stressed, neurasthenia, fearful, and weaker physique. Such people are thinner and weaker, and they tend to think about the transition, and there will be varying degrees of problems in the spleen, stomach, and reproductive system. "Tea is not thinking, and rice is not good." This kind of person "doesn't grow meat" is easy to get into the horns. Such people must take part in more sports.

Ten fingers connected to the heart, ingenuity. Fingers are mainly related to cardiovascular problems, and toes have a greater relationship with the head. "Knead your fingers and toes frequently, you don't need to worry about insomnia and headaches, often rub your thumbs to strengthen your brain, often rub your index finger to improve your stomach and intestines, often rub your middle finger to strengthen your heart, often rub the ring fingers and liver, and often rub your little finger to strengthen your kidneys."; The exercise method: "Ten fingers to strengthen the heart, hands to the plug, clear the brain, rotate the joints to pass the meridians, turn the palms to stretch the muscles and bones, knead the fingers to relieve headaches, cut the nail corners to refresh the energy, massage the four passes to promote qi and blood, and shake the shoulders. Shoulder loose cervical spine."

Third, the health of nails

Each corner of the nail is the place where the twelve menstrual blood of the meridians are located, so it is like a source, it is the key place of yin and yang alternation. It is more important for the close connection of the internal organs. Blood is Yin and Qi is Yang. Qi and blood are an important substance for maintaining human physiology. So looking at your nails, you can also see a lot of problems on your body. It looks like a window or a fluorescent screen. A lot of information about the body, where yin and yang alternate, are reflected in the nails.

(1) The function of nails:

1) Protect your hands.

2) Only those with nails can do fine work.

(2) The structure of the nail: the thickness of the nail is about 0.5-0.8 mm.

(3) The growth rate of nails: all nails are replaced once in half a year. Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails, especially the index finger, middle finger, and ring finger grow faster, and you have to cut it every half month.

(4) Vertical and horizontal lines on the nail plate:

1) Vertical nail lines indicate easy neurasthenia. There are several vertical stripes that are a symbol of long-term neurasthenia and aging of the body. A person with more fingerprints means neurasthenia, long-term insomnia, dreaminess, easy awakening, and difficulty falling asleep. The thicker the thicker, the more obvious; b. It means physical exhaustion of wasting disease (such as physical and mental fatigue syndrome); c. Poor immune function, easy to catch colds and repeated colds; d. If the vertical lines are particularly obvious, it means that the body has had a major illness. hurt. e. If it is a black ruled pattern, the black color comes out of the nail plate, indicating that the liver and kidney functions are relatively weak, and I feel a lot of ailments. Any black is poisonous. The liver and kidney are organs for detoxification, but if the external pollution and the toxins in food are too high, it will cause liver and kidney dysfunction. Black vertical stripes are a sign of weak liver and kidney functions and excessive accumulation of toxins, and wastes in the body cannot be excreted from the body.

2) Horizontal nail lines. Indicates gastrointestinal disorders. a. If the horizontal stripes are small and numerous, it means a long-term chronic digestive system disease, such as gastroenteritis, colitis, gastric disease and so on. b. If there is a deep horizontal line, it means that you have had a serious gastrointestinal disease. The deeper the more serious, the shallower the more chronic. c. If the horizontal stripes are raised, it means heart problems, as well as liver problems, and lack of vitamin B, C, A, etc.

(5) The color of nails:

1) Luster of nails: If the nails lose their luster, most of them indicate that a person is suffering from wasting diseases such as tuberculosis and chronic gastroenteritis.

2) The color of nails: lay the table flat for observation, pink is better. If it is white, it means that the person’s blood is colder; if it is red, it means hot; if it’s yellow, it means phlegm or gastrointestinal disease. If bruising is blood stasis, black is poison or disease, it is a stasis virus or serious illness. .

3) Nail spots: a. No matter which nail, dark spots appear, cerebrovascular accidents are easy to occur; the right hand is the problem of the left brain, and the left hand is the problem of the right brain. b. If white spots appear, it is a patient with indigestion and long-term overdraft of hepatitis B body. Adults are more common in liver function metabolism or damage, especially in chronic patients with hepatitis B. This kind of spotted white is common. Such people must be rare. Drinking ; children are more common in gastrointestinal stagnation, indigestion or worms or calcium deficiency; if it is habitual constipation, long-term gastrointestinal stagnation will also appear punctate white. c. Nail epithelium, like a rainbow, is red, purple or even black. Generally, this is also a brain problem. If it is red or purple, it usually means poor sleep, confusion, dreaminess, and cerebral arteriosclerosis, but if it is purple-black, it means dizziness, headache, and even a tumor in the head. d. The red line on the nail and the fingertips above the nails indicate that it is also a problem with the head, such as yin and yang imbalance, cold and heat mixed, easy insomnia, confusion, dizziness, headache, and neurasthenia. This red line is a fire, which means it is easy to get angry. e. Press the nail for three seconds, and the nail will be red as soon as it is released, indicating that the blood circulation is good. The reddish stagnation under the bed A like a "little red flower" indicates that there is liver stagnation and qi stagnation in the body. Chronic hepatitis B patients often have this stagnant condition in the ring finger. Such people are best not to drink alcohol.

(6) The shape of nails:

1) Standard nails: Generally, the ratio of three widths and four lengths is the best. Inheritance is better and healthier.

2) Long nails: Generally, the ratio of three to five in width and five in length falls into this category. All belong to the better thinking ability, very sensitive sensibility, easy to do things with their own feelings and hobbies and good at artistic temperament, mostly mental work. Such people are often not very healthy, thin and weak, and are prone to symptoms such as respiratory and digestive diseases and dizziness, headaches, and insomnia.

3) Short nails: generally four wide and four long, or even shorter. This kind of person is really hardworking, but this kind of person has poor heart, liver and lung functions, and is prone to diseases such as heart disease, neuralgia, and rheumatic joint pain. People with shorter nails are more likely to quarrel with others, but regardless of the advantage of hate, but the longer the person, the more able to remember you for a lifetime.

4) Hard nails: The nails are hard and brittle, easy to break, indicating digestive system problems or malnutrition. This nail shows a lack of protein.

5) Soft nails: The nails are soft and thin, indicating chronic wasting disease, liver blood and lack of energy.

(7) Half moon marks on nails

1) What is a half-moon mark? A white half-moon mark appears at 1/5 below the nail. Some people call it a little sun. The half-moon mark is the junction of the yin and yang meridians, like the sand or sponge pad in the high jump, it is a buffer between yin and yang. The abundant blood vessels under the nail bed are the windows through which people can truly observe the circulation of Qi and blood. The "Huangdi Neijing" says: "Yin and yang alternate and lively, and those who move the breath are the root of the twelve meridians." Therefore, the nail half-moon mark is also called the health circle, which is the representative of the body's essence. The development of half-moon marks is deeply affected by nutrition, environment and physical fitness. When the digestion and absorption function is not good, the half-moon marks will be blurred, reduced or even disappeared. Therefore, the half-moon mark is a very important window to show the human body's good and evil conditions and to infer the condition after the disease has recovered.

2) The effect of the half-moon mark: Traditional Chinese medicine believes: "The liver is blood if the qi is not depleted, the kidney is the essence if the blood is not depleted, and the bone is the marrow if the essence is not depleted." This is how the essence and essence come from. Many people have osteoporosis because they lack the essence and lose energy. Such people are prone to calcium deficiency. The half-moon mark is a window of energy and essence, as if the fuel gauge of a car can tell whether the car still has oil. Essence is a high-level energy material in the human body that is transformed into a substance called vitality. The role of vitality: a. The vitality of the kidney nourishes the internal organs; b. Promotes the normal movement of qi and blood; c. Fights against external evils (immune function); d. Longevity and anti-aging material; e. Genetic material. Too much staying up late, night life, sex life, etc. consume people's energy, make the vitality badly, easy to lose appetite, colds, repeated colds, the half moon marks will disappear. There is a saying in traditional Chinese medicine: "Insufficient essence should be supplemented with flavor." The supplement of energy must be based on protein, preferably high-quality protein, such as milk, eggs, beans, fish, and black food (Chinese medicine says: Every black enters the kidney, every black nourishes the kidney), seed (such as beans), embryonic (such as sheep placenta, wheat germ) food. People who do not have half-moon marks have a lot of nutritional supplements. After one month, they will find half-moon marks on the thumb first, and then the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and the little finger are more difficult to grow. Traditional Chinese medicine says: "Essence foot people are strong, the weak people are sick (the half-moon marks should be white, but they turn into other colors), the little ones (the half-moon marks disappear) people are old, and they are exhausted and die." Therefore, a person is not sick. Also pay attention to strengthening nutrition.

3) Normal half-moon marks. a. Quantity: 8-10 fingers of both hands must have half moon marks. b. Morphology: The area of ​​half-moon marks occupies 1/5 of the nail. c. Color: Milky white, the whiter the better, indicating the stronger the energy.

4) Abnormal half-moon marks. a. The number is small. The fewer half-moon marks, the worse the energy, the colder the physique, and the weaker the immunity. Traditional Chinese medicine says: Yang deficiency produces internal cold and is more afraid of cold. This situation shows that a person is either not sick, it is more difficult to get sick. b. There are three types: cold bottom type (where there are fewer half-moon marks, the colder it is, and no half-moon marks are cold type, indicating that the yang qi in the body is weak but the yin and cold are more abundant. Insufficient yang qi indicates that your resistance is decreased, and your Decreased visceral function, slow movement of qi and blood, people are prone to fatigue, lack of energy, poor absorption, pale complexion, cold hands and feet, heart terrors, lethargy, easy colds, repeated colds, energy decline, decreased physical fitness, and even stagnant phlegm and dampness. Qi stagnation and blood stasis, phlegm-damp nodules, tumors. People with cold base type tend to give birth to things.), hot base type (where the little finger also has half-moon marks, all belong to the hot type. The half-moon marks are enlarged, indicating that the body is full of Yang Qi , The viscera function is strong, and the physical quality is good, but in the case of disease, the yang energy is too high. The viscera function is hyperactive, and it can be seen that the face is flushed, angry, irritable, constipation, irritability, dry mouth, bitter mouth, and large appetite. Not afraid of cold, restlessness, even high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and stroke. People with hot bottom type are prone to vascular rupture.) and cold-heat cross type (where the border of the half moon mark is blurred, and the color gradually approaches the color of the nail belongs to this category. , Yin and Yang imbalance. In many cases, you should pay attention to observing the half-moon marks, otherwise it will damage the kidney essence. The disease is cured, but the whole person has collapsed. Master the law, the beginning of the half-moon mark is unclear; the middle period is the half-moon mark It began to shrink; in the later period, it was found that the half-moon marks gradually decreased and disappeared). c. The area of ​​the half-moon scar: the area of ​​the half-moon scar is less than 1/5 of the nail, which means lack of energy and poor gastrointestinal absorption. The half-moon scar suddenly becomes dark, shrinks and disappears, and often suffers from wasting diseases, tumors, and bleeding. Wait. It is normal for children (boys before 16 years old and girls before 14 years old) to have no half-moon marks before development, indicating that their kidneys have not yet developed; half-moon marks larger than 1/5 are mostly due to myocardial hypertrophy, prone to heart and brain Diseases such as blood vessels, hypertension, and stroke. d. The color of the half-moon marks: milky white, normal indicates that the essence is strong, good physique, and physical and mental health; grayish white, weak, it affects the digestion and absorption function of the spleen and stomach, and is likely to cause anemia, fatigue and fatigue; pink (and A color point Unclear boundaries), decreased visceral function, excessive physical exertion, yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, which can easily cause diabetes; purple, easy to cause cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, poor blood circulation, insufficient blood supply and oxygen supply, cerebral arteriosclerosis; black, more common in severe heart Disease, tumor or long-term medication, drug and heavy metal poisoning.

5) Half moon mark and five fingers: a. Thumb half moon mark, related to lung and spleen. If the thumb half moon mark appears pink, it means that the pancreas is not functioning properly, which can cause diabetes. This is an early warning signal; b. Index finger half moon mark, Related to the stomach and intestines, when the meniscus of the index finger is pink, it means that the circulation of the stomach and large intestine is poor, and appetite is naturally reduced; c. The middle finger half-moon marks, related to the pericardium and the mind, the middle finger half-moon marks, pink indicates mental stress and work transition Nervous, you will feel dizzy, headache, unclear thinking, insomnia and dreaminess; d. Ring finger half-moon marks, related to the triple burnt meridian and endocrine, if the ring finger is pink, it means that the triple burnt meridian running on the ring finger is abnormal, and the blood circulation of the whole body Poor physical fitness, yin and yang imbalance, lesbians are most likely to have irregular menstruation. If it is good, it is not worse, indicating that unnecessary things will grow in the body; e, pinky half-moon marks, related to the heart and kidney, when the heart is pink, beware that the heart suddenly appears Question, this is the least likely to attract everyone's attention.